1. Introduction Global plastic waste generation exceeded 400 million tons in 2024, with only 9% effectively recycled worldwide [5]. In China, 19.5 million tons of plastic were recovered—a 2.6% increase from 2023—but over 75% of this volume requires mechanical size reduction before regeneration [1][5]. At the heart of this preprocessing stage lies the plastic granulator, a machine designed to convert bulky, irregular plastic scrap into consistent granules (typically 3–12 mm)...

1. Introduction Plastic waste management remains a global environmental and economic challenge. In China alone, 62 million tons of plastic waste were generated in 2024, with only 19.5 million tons (31.5%) recovered for recycling [2]. Crucially, over 75% of this recovered material must undergo mechanical size reduction before cleaning, sorting, or pelletizing—placing high-performance plastic granulators at the heart of the recycling value chain [2]. While basic crushers suffice for soft,...

1. Introduction Global plastic production has surpassed 400 million tons annually, yet only 9–35% is effectively recycled [1]. In China—the world’s largest plastic producer and consumer—62 million tons of waste plastic were generated in 2024, of which 19.5 million tons were recovered, yielding a national recycling rate of 31.5% [1]. Crucially, over 75% of this recovered material must undergo mechanical size reduction before further processing, placing plastic granulators at the...

Air-Cooled Screw Chillers: High-Efficiency, Water-Free Cooling for Modern Industrial and Commercial Applications AbstractAir-cooled screw chillers have emerged as a leading solution for medium-to-large-scale cooling in water-scarce or space-constrained environments. By integrating robust twin-screw compressors with finned-tube air-cooled condensers, these systems deliver refrigeration capacities from 400 kW to over 2000 kW without requiring cooling towers or water treatment infrastructure. This paper presents a technical review of their vapor-compression cycle, core components—including...

1. Introduction As global manufacturing intensifies and sustainability regulations tighten, the demand for reliable, energy-efficient cooling has never been greater. Among all chiller types, water-cooled screw-type industrial chillers stand out for their ability to deliver high cooling capacity (typically 100–2000 RT), exceptional part-load efficiency, and long service life (>20 years) under 24/7 operation [1][3]. Widely deployed in injection molding plants, biopharmaceutical reactors, laser cutting systems, and semiconductor cleanrooms, these chillers...

1. Introduction As industries worldwide pursue leaner, greener operations, thermal management has become a critical determinant of productivity, product quality, and sustainability. Among cooling technologies, air-cooled chillers offer a compelling balance of performance, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness—particularly in regions with limited water access or stringent wastewater regulations [1][3]. Deployed from injection molding plants to semiconductor fabs, these self-contained units require only electrical power and minimal piping to deliver chilled water (typically...

1. Introduction As global industrialization accelerates and climate regulations tighten, the demand for reliable, energy-efficient thermal management has surged. Among all cooling technologies, water-cooled chillers stand out for their ability to maintain precise temperatures (±0.1°C), operate quietly, and deliver high cooling capacity with lower total cost of ownership (TCO) over long duty cycles [2][4]. Widely deployed in chemical reactors, MRI machines, injection molding lines, and chip fabrication facilities, these systems...

1. Introduction Since its commercial adoption in the 1970s for carbonated soft drinks, PET blow molding has revolutionized liquid packaging due to its clarity, strength-to-weight ratio, gas barrier properties, and full recyclability [4][5]. Today, PET containers dominate markets ranging from 500 mL water bottles to 8 L edible oil jugs, with annual global production surpassing 1 trillion units [4]. The primary method for producing these containers is two-stage (or “reheat”)...