Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Blow Molding Machines: Technology, Applications, and Advancements

**Abstract**  
This paper examines the critical role of PET blow molding machines in modern packaging industries, focusing on their operational mechanisms, technological evolution, and sustainability implications. As the global demand for lightweight, recyclable containers grows, understanding the engineering sophistication of PET blow molding systems becomes essential for optimizing production efficiency and environmental compliance.

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**1. Introduction**  
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) has become the polymer of choice for beverage and food packaging due to its exceptional clarity, gas barrier properties, and recyclability. PET blow molding machines transform preforms into finished containers through a precision-controlled thermoforming process, serving as the backbone of global bottle production exceeding 500 billion units annually (Plastics Industry Association, 2023).

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**2. Working Principle**  
Modern PET blow molding systems operate through a three-phase process:

**2.1 Preform Conditioning**  
- Infrared heating (2.5-5.0 μm wavelength) brings amorphous preforms to 95-110°C  
- Crystallinity control maintains optimal molecular orientation  

**2.2 Stretch Blow Molding**  
- Simultaneous axial stretching (3:1 ratio) and radial blowing (350-450 psi)  
- Biaxial orientation enhances tensile strength by 300% vs non-oriented PET  

**2.3 Cooling/Ejection**  
- Chilled molds (5-15°C) achieve cycle times <15 seconds  
- Ejection forces optimized through surface coatings (DLC, TiN)

**3. Machine Classification**  

**3.1 Single-Stage Systems**  
- Integrated injection molding and blow molding  
- Advantages: Lower crystallinity preforms, reduced material handling  
- Applications: Custom-shaped containers, small batch production  

**3.2 Two-Stage Systems**  
- Separate preform manufacturing and blowing processes  
- Benefits: 18-25% higher output rates (2,000-50,000 bph)  
- Dominates 78% of carbonated soft drink bottle market