A Comprehensive Review of Water-Cooled Screw Chillers: Principles, Performance, and Advancements Abstract Water-cooled screw chillers are widely employed in commercial and industrial air-conditioning and refrigeration systems, offering reliable cooling capacity across a broad range of applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of water-cooled screw chillers, covering their fundamental working principles, system components, performance characteristics, and recent technological advancements. The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle—comprising compression, condensation, throttling, and evaporation—is examined in...

Abstract The 5-liter extrusion blow molding (EBM) machine occupies a strategic position in the plastic packaging manufacturing landscape, serving as a versatile workhorse for mid-capacity container production across diverse industries. This paper presents a comprehensive technical analysis of the 5L EBM machine, examining its architectural design, core subsystems, operational principles, and key performance parameters. Drawing on industry data from representative models including the DKB-5L, LEENY-S5L, and BST series, the study...

Abstract The 2.5-liter extrusion blow molding (EBM) machine represents a critical technological solution in the mid-capacity container manufacturing sector, bridging the gap between high-speed small-bottle production and large-vessel blow molding systems. This paper presents a comprehensive technical analysis of the 2.5L EBM machine, examining its architectural design, operational principles, key performance parameters, and industrial applications. Drawing on industry-standard models including the DKB-2.5L2JUWD and MKB-2.5L series, the study details the machine's...

1. IntroductionThe 1.8L container size occupies a critical niche in consumer packaging: large enough for economical refills (e.g., shampoo, liquid detergent, edible oil), yet compact for retail shelf appeal. Unlike smaller bottles produced via injection stretch blow molding, 1.8L containers are predominantly manufactured using extrusion blow molding due to lower mold costs, faster changeover, and superior flexibility in resin selection—including HDPE, PP, PETG, and multi-layer barrier materials like EVOH. This...

1. IntroductionExtrusion blow molding remains the dominant method for manufacturing hollow plastic containers ranging from 100 mL to over 200 L. For the 1L segment—commonly used for shampoo, detergent, edible oil, and beverage bottles—the demand for precision, speed, and sustainability drives continuous innovation in machine design. Unlike injection blow molding, EBM offers lower tooling costs and greater flexibility in resin selection (e.g., HDPE, PP, PETG), making it ideal for mid-...

1. IntroductionBlow molding is a widely used manufacturing process for hollow plastic parts. Among its variants—extrusion blow molding (EBM), injection blow molding (IBM), and stretch blow molding (SBM)—the accumulator-head (or储料缸式) EBM stands out for large-part production. Unlike continuous extrusion systems, accumulator-head machines store molten polymer in a reservoir before rapidly injecting it through a die head, enabling precise control over parison dimensions and wall thickness—critical for containers requiring leak-proof performance...

1. Introduction Global plastic waste generation exceeded 400 million tons in 2024, with only 9% effectively recycled worldwide [5]. In China, 19.5 million tons of plastic were recovered—a 2.6% increase from 2023—but over 75% of this volume requires mechanical size reduction before regeneration [1][5]. At the heart of this preprocessing stage lies the plastic granulator, a machine designed to convert bulky, irregular plastic scrap into consistent granules (typically 3–12 mm)...

1. Introduction Plastic waste management remains a global environmental and economic challenge. In China alone, 62 million tons of plastic waste were generated in 2024, with only 19.5 million tons (31.5%) recovered for recycling [2]. Crucially, over 75% of this recovered material must undergo mechanical size reduction before cleaning, sorting, or pelletizing—placing high-performance plastic granulators at the heart of the recycling value chain [2]. While basic crushers suffice for soft,...