1. Introduction As global industrialization accelerates and climate regulations tighten, the demand for reliable, energy-efficient thermal management has surged. Among all cooling technologies, water-cooled chillers stand out for their ability to maintain precise temperatures (±0.1°C), operate quietly, and deliver high cooling capacity with lower total cost of ownership (TCO) over long duty cycles [2][4]. Widely deployed in chemical reactors, MRI machines, injection molding lines, and chip fabrication facilities, these systems...

1. Introduction Since its commercial adoption in the 1970s for carbonated soft drinks, PET blow molding has revolutionized liquid packaging due to its clarity, strength-to-weight ratio, gas barrier properties, and full recyclability [4][5]. Today, PET containers dominate markets ranging from 500 mL water bottles to 8 L edible oil jugs, with annual global production surpassing 1 trillion units [4]. The primary method for producing these containers is two-stage (or “reheat”)...

1. Introduction The global demand for 3–10 liter plastic containers has surged due to rising consumption of liquid detergents, edible oils, agrochemicals, and bulk beverages in emerging markets [4][6]. In this context, the 5L extrusion blow molding machine has emerged as a versatile workhorse for small-to-mid-sized plastic processors seeking to balance throughput, product quality, and capital investment. Unlike small-volume machines (<1L) optimized for high-speed single-cavity output or large accumulator-head systems...

1. IntroductionExtrusion blow molding is a dominant manufacturing method for producing hollow plastic containers. Among standard sizes, the 2.5-liter (approximately 85 oz) bottle has become increasingly popular in consumer markets for water, juice, cooking oil, and liquid cleaners. This paper examines a dedicated 2.5L EBM machine, analyzing its mechanical design, process control strategies, and performance metrics to support efficient and sustainable production. 2. Machine Configuration and Working PrincipleThe 2.5L EBM...

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the design, operational principles, and performance characteristics of a 1.8-liter hollow extrusion blow molding machine. Widely employed in the production of plastic containers for beverages, personal care products, and household chemicals, the 1.8L capacity machine represents a critical segment in mid-volume packaging manufacturing. The study examines key components—including the extruder, die head, parison control system, mold assembly, and hydraulic/pneumatic systems—and evaluates their integration...

1. Introduction Extrusion blow molding (EBM) emerged during World War II for producing low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bottles and rapidly evolved with the advent of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) in the 1950s [1][3]. Today, it remains the dominant process for fabricating hollow plastic parts due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability across industries—from daily chemical packaging to automotive fuel tanks and industrial IBC totes [1][2]. The fundamental principle involves extruding a molten...

1. Introduction The global demand for 1-liter plastic containers—particularly in the home care and personal hygiene sectors—has surged due to urbanization, e-commerce logistics, and consumer preference for standardized, easy-to-handle volumes [3][4]. In response, the 1L extrusion blow molding machine has evolved from a basic semi-automatic unit into a digitally controlled, energy-conscious production system tailored for high-mix, low-to-medium volume manufacturing. Unlike large-scale accumulator-head machines used for IBC tanks or automotive fuel...

1. Introduction As urbanization accelerates and climate resilience becomes paramount, efficient, water-free cooling technologies are gaining strategic importance. The air-cooled screw chiller—which rejects heat directly to ambient air via finned-tube condensers—offers a compelling alternative to water-cooled systems, especially in regions facing water scarcity, high water treatment costs, or limited installation space [7][9]. Unlike centralized chilled water plants requiring cooling towers, pumps, and extensive piping, air-cooled units are self-contained, factory-assembled, and...