1. Introduction As global energy consumption in HVAC&R (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration) systems continues to rise, the demand for high-efficiency, reliable, and environmentally responsible cooling technologies has intensified. Among available options, water-cooled chillers stand out for their ability to deliver large cooling capacities (typically 100 kW to several megawatts) with exceptional energy efficiency, especially in hot and humid climates where air-cooled systems suffer performance degradation [2][7]. Unlike air-cooled...

1. Introduction With global industrial energy consumption rising and water resources becoming increasingly constrained, the demand for efficient, low-maintenance, and environmentally responsible cooling solutions has intensified. Air-cooled chillers—also known as air-cooled industrial chillers or air-cooled box-type chillers—offer a compelling alternative to traditional water-cooled systems by eliminating the need for cooling towers, water treatment, and complex piping networks [2][5]. Widely deployed in plastics processing, laser equipment, data centers, pharmaceuticals, food &...

1. Introduction Temperature control is a critical factor in ensuring product quality, equipment longevity, and process efficiency across diverse industrial sectors—from plastics molding and laser processing to pharmaceuticals and electronics manufacturing. Among the available cooling technologies, air-cooled chillers offer a self-contained, water-free alternative that balances performance, ease of installation, and maintenance simplicity. With increasing emphasis on modular design and rapid deployment, air-cooled systems have gained significant traction, particularly in regions...

1. Introduction: The Imperative of Process Cooling In modern industrial operations—from injection molding and laser cutting to chemical reactors and data centers—maintaining precise temperature control is not merely a preference but a necessity. Thermal fluctuations can lead to product defects, equipment failure, reduced throughput, and safety hazards. Industrial chillers serve as the central nervous system for thermal regulation, and among them, water-cooled variants are preferred for large-scale, continuous, and high-heat-load...